In comparing the analogue products and the meat counterparts, 0.5 g of salt was considered. For meat products retrieved in the Food Composition Database for Epidemiological Studies, Nutri-score was calculated considering nutrition values reported in the database, even though this type of front-of-pack labelling is not applied to the not pre ...Sep 19, 2022 · These meat analogs mainly consist of processed milk, into which fine, plant-derived fibers are incorporated to achieve a texture similar to that of meat (Jankowski, 2021). Regarding extrusion, whey protein concentrate (WPC; up to 25% protein) has been successfully incorporated into starch-based snacks that are extruded at low moisture levels ... The market for plant-based meat alternatives experienced unprecedented growth in the past 3 years bolstered by consumer passion for health and wellness, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and flexitarian lifestyle. The objective of this review is to summarize the appearance, composition, properties, and plant-based food …December 1, 2022. Meat analogues need binding agents to keep the ingredients together. In animal meats, proteins do that job. Methylcellulose is currently the predominant choice for meat analogue products. While it works well from a functionality perspective, says Pascal Moll, a recent doctoral student at the University of Hohenheim’s ...As also expressed in recent reviews and papers on high moisture meat analog extrusion [Wittek et al., 2021b; Ubbink and Muhialdin, 2022; Schmid et al., 2022; Guyony et al., 2022], we think there is still a limited number of hypotheses on the actual physicochemical phenomena happening during the manufacturing of HME-based meat …Dec 1, 2022 · Analogue is a substance that is similar in structure with each other but slightly different in makeup. Meat analogue or mimic meat in this scenario is a foodstuff that seems to be similar in structure to meat but differ significantly in composition. Meat like compound or substance made from plant sources is simply called meat analogue. Protein isolates from canola (CAPI), chickpea (CHPI), and potato (PPI), were characterized and implemented in a 3D printed meat analogue formulation and compared to soy protein isolate (SPI). The physicochemical and functional characteristics of the proteins were determined, followed by incorporation of the proteins into a formulation for … on the attributes of meat analogues like texture, colour, avour, cutting force, cooking yield, water, and oil absorption index have been discussed keeping in mind the diversity of the nature of the meat analogues. Keywords Meat analogue · Biological value · Vegetable protein · Meat-free · Bottom-up strategy · Top-down strategy Plant-based meat analogues (i.e., plant-based meat alternatives or substitutes, or vegan meats) are becoming more and more popular. The quality of the available products is constantly increasing therefore their consumption is also increasing. The primary role of meat analogues is to replace the meat component in meals while …Effects of formulation on protein digestion in meat analogs. Plant-based MAs are composed mainly of protein and water, other components such as polysaccharides, salt, flavor compounds, vitamins, coloring agents, minerals, and plant oil are also used [25]. Ingredients rich in proteins are often used in MA formulation in the form of isolate (∼ ...Physicochemical analysis of optimized plant-based-meat analogue was also conducted. The moisture content of the meat analogue was about 48.73%, the fat content - 2.46%, pH of raw product - 6% ...The Right Combination of Flavor and Functionality. Firmenich integrated solutions bring unparalleled consumer preference by combining traditional Firmenich ...Jun 20, 2023 · Addnl., the consumers acceptability towards meat analogs is quite unsatisfactory which needs to be improved through proper research and creating awareness. Moreover, the gastrointestinal fate of the plant-based meat analogs needs further investigation in order to have a better understanding regarding the nutrient bioavailability of these products. InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips Beyond Meat (NASDAQ:BYND)is at it again. As of this writing, Beyond Meat stock ... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N...Hybrid meat is a next generation meat analogue prepared by the co-processing of both plant and animal protein ingredients at different ratios and is considered to be nutritionally superior to the currently available plant-only meat analogues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming increasingly popular in food …This study aimed to develop the feasibility of using mushrooms as an alternative ingredient in a plant-based meat analogue via high-moisture twin-screw extrusion. Five high-moisture fibrous-structured meat analogues (HMs, moisture around 61–64 wt, %) from soy protein isolate (SPI) mixed with mushroom powder (MP) in the …Dairy and meat prices are soaring. People become vegan for a whole host of reasons, often for ethical purposes. The jury is still out on whether a vegan diet is any healthier than ...An analogue is a compound that has the same structure as another compound, but they slightly differ in their composition. A meat analogue is a type of food …Meat analogues produced with temperatures ranging between 130 and 140 °C, ratio between water and product feed rate of 4 and feed rate of 11 rpm (1.10 Kg/h) had the most positive sensory and textural properties judged by a good bite-feel (firmness) and elasticity in line with attributes associated with this product category.Dec 1, 2022 · Analogue is a substance that is similar in structure with each other but slightly different in makeup. Meat analogue or mimic meat in this scenario is a foodstuff that seems to be similar in structure to meat but differ significantly in composition. Meat like compound or substance made from plant sources is simply called meat analogue. Plant-based meat analogs and meat-fat substitutes have seen greater success in the market, There are still many aspects that require more in-depth research to improve products: (1) Industrial scale nonthermal mechanical structuring device is required to prepare plant meat analogs to retain the nutrient of plant raw materials; (2) The …Innovation in Meat Analogues. 2. Innovation in Meat Analogues. Meat alternatives – non-traditional protein sources intended to be used and consumed in a similar way to meat products – are available around the world. Some of these have long been readily available in certain regions. For example, the Quorn meat substitute brand, …Traditional meat analogs were developed thousands of years ago in Asia and include relatively simple derivatives from soybeans (i.e., tofu, tempeh) or wheat (i.e., …The oldest patent I found is from 2007 (Table 1, Position 2), a Korean patent with the title “Method of producing mushroom mycelia based meat analog, meat analog produced thereby, low calorie synthetic meat, meat flavor and meat flavor enhancer comprising the meat analog.”. So the idea of a fungal-based meat substitute is about 15 …1. Introduction. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of meat analogue foods owing to the growing consciousness of health-directed dietary choices, environmental sustainability, as well as religious and/or ethical preferences (He, Zhao, Jin, Zhu, & Fang, 2021; McClements & Grossmann, 2021).For consumers, meat analogue …2. Meat Analogue Products Formulation. Consumer preference studies in Western countries have shown that meat-eaters are more willing to switch to plant-based meat analogues when the products mimic meat in texture and sensorial properties and can be incorporated in a meal context that fits with the consumer’s expectations …That’s what the event signage said, and, indeed, almost every major exhibitor had their own riffs, examples, or samples of plant-based alternatives to meat, poultry, cheese, or seafood. But the aisles of the expo hall were a jarring contrast to what’s actually happening in grocery store aisles, where the current generation of plant-based ...8.6. Global Meat Analogue Demand Share Forecast, 2019-20269. North America Meat Analogue Market Analysis and Forecast 9.1. Introduction 9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country 9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country 9.2. North America Meat Analogue Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country 9.2.1. U.S. 9.2.2. …While developing a meat analogue, cold extrusion was carried out. The proximate colour and Sensory parameters of the developed sample were studied in detail. Two formulations were developed, M1 and M2, varying their jackfruit and cashew nut content. We found that sample M1 with 70% jackfruit gave a nutritional assessment of 14.99% protein, 3.51 ...Meat analogues are successful because of their healthy image (cholesterol free), meat-like texture, and low cost. Mycoprotein a meat analog is fungal in origin and …Meat analogue preparation and 3D printing method Preparation of meat analogue formulations. A preliminary experiment was conducted in order to determine the proportion of ingredients. The meat analogues could not be formulated with the same levels of protein due to their different functional properties (e.g., WAC, OAC, and solubility).In addition, due to increased competition and strongly increasing raw material costs, meat analogue producers are pushed to reduce costs, which may be achieved by changing the formulation and using new ingredients (Boukid, 2020). Addition of hydrocolloids to the meat analogue formulation as thickeners or gelling agents could …Apr 26, 2022 · The comparison of nutrition facts of plant-based meat analogues and meat counterparts is graphically shown using split violin plots (Figures 1, 2).Plant-based steaks, burgers, and meatballs showed a higher energy content than controls (p < 0.05), while plant-based cured meats showed a significantly lower energy content than controls (). As shown in Fig. 2 A, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum were significantly higher in the plant-based meat analogue groups (PP and PB) than in the corresponding real meat groups (AP and AB) after 20 and 68 days dietary intervention. Besides, the plant-based meat analogues increased the levels of adipose tissue pro …Preheat oven to 375F. Spoon some BBQ sauce on the bottom of the pan, and place the ribs on top and brush with more BBQ sauce. Cover with aluminum foil and bake in the preheated oven for 15-30 minutes. Allow to cool and set for a few minutes before slicing with a sharp knife.Plant-based meat analogues that mimic the characteristic structure and texture of meat are becoming increasingly popular. They can be produced by means of high moisture extrusion (HME), in which protein-rich raw materials are subjected to thermomechanical stresses in the extruder at high water content (>40%) and then forced …Dec 29, 2022 · This review briefly summarizes the global development status and challenges of plant- and fungi-based meat analog products. It focuses on the current status, characteristics, and disputes in the regulations and standards worldwide for plant- and fungi-based meat analogs and proposes suggestions for perfecting the regulatory system from the ... InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips Beyond Meat (NASDAQ:BYND)is at it again. As of this writing, Beyond Meat stock ... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N...Specialty Meat & Analogs. Contact Us. Cargill offers a range of products that may be marketed as vegetarian and/or meat substitutes, consisting of total or ...The best-selling meat analogue categories are burgers, sausages and patties . Examples of commercially available meat analogues are shown in Figure 1. The meat analogues market is projected to grow at an expected annual growth rate of 7.9% from 2019 to 2024, making it estimated to be worth USD 21.23 billion in 2025 [10,25,48].The meat substitutes market was valued at USD 1.89 billion in 2021 and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.5% to reach USD 4.04 billion by 2027.Meat analogs are also called, imitation meat and meat substitutes, etc. There are mainly two strategies to produce meat analogs: 1) use plant-based resources to imitate meat products; 2) create an in vitro cell culture to produce meat also known as cell-based, in vitro, cultivated, cultured, or lab-grown meat.In comparing the analogue products and the meat counterparts, 0.5 g of salt was considered. For meat products retrieved in the Food Composition Database for Epidemiological Studies, Nutri-score was calculated considering nutrition values reported in the database, even though this type of front-of-pack labelling is not applied to the not pre ...Meat analogues are successful because of their healthy image (cholesterol free), meat-like texture, and low cost. Mycoprotein a meat analog is fungal in origin and is used as a high-protein, low ...The increased bacterial proliferation of vegan meat alternatives is accounted for their pH being close to 7 as well as the high water content and water activity of the plant-based ingredients (Lianou et al., 2016; Samard et al., 2019). Minced meat analogs can also be incorporated into soups and (pasta) sauces.107 Jin et al. 108 developed a beef jerky analogue using a transglutaminase-treated yuba lm, which signi cantly affected the cross-linking of soy proteins, thereby imparting the soy-based jerky ...The effects of high pressure treatment were investigated on the physical properties and possible shelf-life extension of soy protein-based high moisture meat analog (S-HMMA) produced by the extrusion process. High pressure treatment was applied at 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 5, 10 and 15 min. Physical properties of S-HMMA including …Ingredients: · 4 cups sliced white button mushrooms · 1 cup roasted cashews (I like them lightly salted) · 1/8 teaspoon salt (omit if cashews are salted) &midd...The market for plant-based meat alternatives experienced unprecedented growth in the past 3 years bolstered by consumer passion for health and wellness, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and flexitarian lifestyle. The objective of this review is to summarize the appearance, composition, properties, and plant-based food …Abstract and Figures. Meat analogue research and development focuses on the production of sustainable products that recreate conventional meat in its physical sensations (texture, appearance ...Bison meat, also known as buffalo meat, has been a staple in many diets for centuries. Native Americans were the first to hunt and consume bison, and since then, it has become a po...A 5.5-ounce box of Tofurky deli meat runs $3.49. Each 5-slice serving contains 100 calories, with ample protein (13 grams) and lesser amounts of carbohydrate (5 grams) and fat (3.5 grams). The key ...Plant-based meat analogues are food products made from vegetarian or vegan ingredients that are intended to mimic taste, texture and appearance of meat. They are becoming increasingly popular as people look for more sustainable and healthy protein sources. Furthermore, plant-based foods are marketed as foods with a low carbon …Dairy and meat prices are soaring. People become vegan for a whole host of reasons, often for ethical purposes. The jury is still out on whether a vegan diet is any healthier than ...From red meat to poultry, burgers to steaks, Biospringer’s delicious yeast-derived ingredients guarantee delicious meat analogues with great taste, great texture and a real mouthfeel. Composed of seven key ranges destined for food and beverage formulators, Biospringer’s 360° Wheel of Taste offers a variety of tastes and benefits.Meat analogue preparation and 3D printing method Preparation of meat analogue formulations. A preliminary experiment was conducted in order to determine the proportion of ingredients. The meat analogues could not be formulated with the same levels of protein due to their different functional properties (e.g., WAC, OAC, and solubility).Meat analogs are also called, imitation meat and meat substitutes, etc. There are mainly two strategies to produce meat analogs: 1) use plant-based resources to imitate meat products; 2) create an in vitro cell culture to produce meat also known as cell-based, in vitro, cultivated, cultured, or lab-grown meat.The process for preparing a meat-analogue food product according to one of the claims 1 to 11, wherein the extruder barrel (4) is heated to a temperature ...Now that the novelty has worn off, will plant-based meat become a household staple? Hi Quartz Members, It’s a great time to be a vegetarian. Walk into any supermarket in America an...Consumer interest in meat analogues, plant-based alternatives that mimic traditional meat properties, are on the rise. These food products are formulated with …The meat analogue: Rise of meatless options with rise of veganism There was a time, not too long ago, when none of it was to be found in India. Now, boutique eateries and high-end supermarkets ...A new generation of plant-based texturized meat analogues attempts to boost the consumption of dietary fiber. In the present study, oat fiber concentrate (OFC) and pea protein isolate (PPI) were combined (30:70; 50:50; 70:30) and processed with high-moisture extrusion (long cooling die temperature [LCDT]: 40, 60 and 80 °C; screw speed [SS]: …If you’re looking for high-quality meat products, then a meat market is the best option. Meat markets offer fresh and locally sourced meats that are not only delicious but also hea...For meat-analogue applications, however, the protein purity does not have to be so high (Geerts et al., 2018, Goot et al., 2016). Moreover, the presence of additional components can be even advantageous or essential when making meat analogues (Cheftel et al., 1992, Grabowska et al., 2016, Liu and Hsieh, 2007, Thiébaud et al., 1996).1. Introduction. The global demand for plant-based meat analogues has increased at a compound annual growth rate of 15 % from 2019 (MarketsandMarkets, 2019) due to ongoing protein shift trend towards a healthy and more environmentally sustainable choices (Lam, Can Karaca, Tyler, & Nickerson, 2018).It is expected that its market value …Mar 12, 2021 · 2. Meat Analogue Products Formulation. Consumer preference studies in Western countries have shown that meat-eaters are more willing to switch to plant-based meat analogues when the products mimic meat in texture and sensorial properties and can be incorporated in a meal context that fits with the consumer’s expectations [12,13]. The effects of high pressure treatment were investigated on the physical properties and possible shelf-life extension of soy protein-based high moisture meat analog (S-HMMA) produced by the extrusion process. High pressure treatment was applied at 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 5, 10 and 15 min. Physical properties of S-HMMA including …1. Introduction. The number of meat analogues available for consumers is growing worldwide, facilitated by innovation, a greater number of product launches, and …Paper shows that meat analogue production using high-moisture extrusion and dry-fractionated faba bean as the sole source of protein is possible. It describes the impact of extruder parameters on extrudate texture. •• Kantanen K, Oksanen A, Edelmann M, Suhonen H, Sontag-Strohm T, Piironen V, et al. Physical properties of extrudates with ...Ingredients: · 4 cups sliced white button mushrooms · 1 cup roasted cashews (I like them lightly salted) · 1/8 teaspoon salt (omit if cashews are salted) &midd...The market for plant-based meat alternatives experienced unprecedented growth in the past 3 years bolstered by consumer passion for health and wellness, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and flexitarian lifestyle. The objective of this review is to summarize the appearance, composition, properties, and plant-based food …A vegetable base meat analogue, which may be used in a variety of vegetarian food products, such as burger patties and sausages, is prepared by sequentially blending methyl cellulose into a water/ice mix to form a cream, then blending in a modified gluten, a vegetable protein product having high solubility in water and capable of forming a gel …While developing a meat analogue, cold extrusion was carried out. The proximate colour and Sensory parameters of the developed sample were studied in detail. Two formulations were developed, M1 and M2, varying their jackfruit and cashew nut content. We found that sample M1 with 70% jackfruit gave a nutritional assessment of 14.99% protein, 3.51 ...Some meat analogue companies calculated that they had made carbon savings by comparing their products to meat products, for example Beyond Meat compared the environmental impact of its burger to a beef burger and Livekindly claimed that it had avoided generating the weight of 28,249 elephants in CO2, apparently by comparing …This research paper explores the innovation, growth and regulatory landscape of meat analogues – plant-based ‘meat’ and cultured meat – in the EU. It …Dec 8, 2020 · Traditional meat analogs were developed thousands of years ago in Asia and include relatively simple derivatives from soybeans (i.e., tofu, tempeh) or wheat (i.e., seitan) 13. In contrast, novel ... Meat analogue pastes were printed with the shape of beef then frozen at −18 °C overnight. Frozen samples were kept at room temperature until melted then 60 ml syringe filled with this melted paste. A leaf shape were reprinted and printing quality was evaluted in terms of size and defects that were observed (Lin et al., 2023).Bison meat, also known as buffalo meat, has been a staple in many diets for centuries. Native Americans were the first to hunt and consume bison, and since then, it has become a po...The market for plant-based meat alternatives experienced unprecedented growth in the past 3 years bolstered by consumer passion for health and wellness, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, and flexitarian lifestyle. The objective of this review is to summarize the appearance, composition, properties, and plant-based food …Nov 22, 2023 · Plant-based meat analogues are food products made from vegetarian or vegan ingredients that are intended to mimic taste, texture and appearance of meat. They are becoming increasingly popular as people look for more sustainable and healthy protein sources. Furthermore, plant-based foods are marketed as foods with a low carbon footprint and represent a contribution of the consumers and the food ... Meati, which was founded in 2016, uses fermented mushroom mycelium — the fungi’s root structure under the ground — to make meat analogs. The company says …If plant-based meat is to be widely promoted, there is an urgent need to solve the problem of the color, flavor and textures of this kind of product. Plant-based meat analogue (PBMA) usually uses plant proteins as foundational ingredients, and cereals and legumes are the most frequently utilized ingredients for meat analogues (Hoek, et al., 2011).Jul 12, 2021 · This article summarizes the recent advancements in plant-based meat analogue (PBMA) production methods, processing effects, nutritional aspects, organoleptic profile and market trends. PBMA are vegetal proteins that mimic animal meat in flavour, texture and sensory properties, and are sustainable for human health and environment. Mar 29, 2022 · Culture-based meat analogues are developed from the tissue culture of animal’s stem cells (Sun et al. 2021 ). Mushroom is a typical source of fungi that is used to produce fungi-based meat analogues. Plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) are commonly made from proteins of oilseeds, legumes, and cereals. Apr 26, 2022 · The comparison of nutrition facts of plant-based meat analogues and meat counterparts is graphically shown using split violin plots (Figures 1, 2).Plant-based steaks, burgers, and meatballs showed a higher energy content than controls (p < 0.05), while plant-based cured meats showed a significantly lower energy content than controls (). Consumer interest in meat analogues, plant-based alternatives that mimic traditional meat properties, are on the rise. These food products are formulated with …Feb 19, 2019 · Meat analogues – plant-based ‘meat’ and cultured meat – mark a departure from traditional meat alternatives. Both are intended to be indistinguishable from – and, in the case of cultured meat, biologically equivalent to – animal-derived meat and are marketed principally at meat-eaters. Innovation and investment in meat analogues ... Nov 30, 2016 · 9. Cauliflower. Cauliflower is a mild vegetable and has a reputation for being able to stealthily replace certain foods, such as potatoes and even pizza crust. Caulifower replaces the chicken in these Sriracha-Buffalo Cauliflower Bites and makes a healthy choice for "meatballs." 22-Day Vegan Meal Plan. A vegetable base meat analogue, which may be used in a variety of vegetarian food products, such as burger patties and sausages, is prepared by sequentially blending methyl cellulose into a water/ice mix to form a cream, then blending in a modified gluten, a vegetable protein product having high solubility in water and capable of forming a gel …
Meat analogue research and development focuses on the production of sustainable products that recreate conventional meat in its physical sensations (texture, appearance, taste, etc.) and nutritional aspects. Minced products, like burger patties and nuggets, muscle-type products, like chicken or steak-like cuts, and emulsion products, …. Best hair products for thickening
New research suggests vegetarians can save at least $750 a year more than meat-eaters. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partne...The market for meat substitutes is projected by Allied Market Research to hit $8.1 billion globally by 2026. Most meat analogues, so far, come as ground, formed products like patties, meatballs and sausage. These are often processed on the same grinders, formers, presses, extruders and other equipment that handle regular ground meat.The effects of high pressure treatment were investigated on the physical properties and possible shelf-life extension of soy protein-based high moisture meat analog (S-HMMA) produced by the extrusion process. High pressure treatment was applied at 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 5, 10 and 15 min. Physical properties of S-HMMA including …The texture of meat analogues was noted to be largely dependent on the extent of the gel network between protein molecules. The incorporation of WP was also noted as a large contributor to the achievement of a texture more closely resembling to meat texture and thus is an essential component of meat analogue composites.Some meat analogue companies calculated that they had made carbon savings by comparing their products to meat products, for example Beyond Meat compared the environmental impact of its burger to a beef burger and Livekindly claimed that it had avoided generating the weight of 28,249 elephants in CO2, apparently by comparing …December 1, 2022. Meat analogues need binding agents to keep the ingredients together. In animal meats, proteins do that job. Methylcellulose is currently the predominant choice for meat analogue products. While it works well from a functionality perspective, says Pascal Moll, a recent doctoral student at the University of Hohenheim’s ...Meat analogs, created from plant-based ingredients to mimic the fibrous ... All extruder sizes can be equipped with a modular cooled slit die for high moisture ...Meat analogue is a food product mainly made of plant proteins. It is considered to be a sustainable food and has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Hybrid meat is a next generation meat analogue prepared by the co-processing of both plant and animal protein ingredients at different ratios and is considered to be nutritionally superior …Meat analogues have been defined as products that replace the functionality and characteristics of the muscle component of meat (Dekkers, Boom, & van der Goot, 2018). Such products are complex fibrous systems that must mimic the structure, sensory properties and nutritional profile of meat as far as possible, with the added appeal of …Objective: To explore how some of the largest food companies involved in producing alternative proteins (AP) use health and nutrition claims to market their products. Design: We identified the largest food manufacturers, meat processors and AP companies selling plant-based AP products in the USA. Using publicly available data, we analysed the …A Holistic Solutions Approach to Plant-Based Meat Development. Sensient approaches sensory solutions for plant-based meat analogues as a consumer would ...Background. Plant-based meat analog production is a strategy for simulating a novel form of meat and has driven the interest of researchers in replacing animal meat consumption. However, there are some challenges in the development of plant-based meat analogs in terms of texture, nutrition, and sensory properties.Three-dimensional (3D) …Meat analogue, also known as mock meat, is food product that approximates the aesthetic qualities and chemical characteristics of certain types of meat. The hunt for nutritious and convenient food items by health-conscious vegetarian consumers to best suit their busy life led to the evolution of meat analogue. They are made from vegetable-based ...Feb 19, 2019 · Innovation in Meat Analogues. 2. Innovation in Meat Analogues. Meat alternatives – non-traditional protein sources intended to be used and consumed in a similar way to meat products – are available around the world. Some of these have long been readily available in certain regions. For example, the Quorn meat substitute brand, launched in ... Meat analogues, or plant-based products that simulate the properties of traditional meat products, have secured a position in the conversation of protein foods. Rapid growth of the meat analogue ....